Government Spending, Taxation, And Income Inequality In Nigeria
Tamunotonye Felix Amachree
Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between fiscal policy and income inequality in Nigeria from 1985 to 2022. The specific objectives were to examine the impact of capital expenditure, recurrent expenditure, deficit financing, and value-added tax revenue on income inequality. Data for each variable were obtained from existing secondary sources, including the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and the World Bank. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method, along with pre-estimation tests for unit roots and bounds cointegration, formed the basis for data analysis. The results of the unit root test show that the variables are mixed-integrated, with the Gini coefficient being stationary at levels, while the other variables were stationary after first differencing. The bounds cointegration test results indicate a long-term relationship between the Gini coefficient and the independent variables. The ARDL results show that capital expenditure has a positive and insignificant impact on income inequality in Nigeria, implying that an increase in capital expenditure will, in the long run, increase income inequality. Evidence of a negative insignificant impact of deficit financing on income inequality was found in the long run. The results further show that recurrent expenditure and value-added tax have a negative insignificant influence on income inequality in the long run. Additionally, the error correction coefficient (-0.021084) is negative and significant at the 5% level, indicating that about 2.10% of distortions from long-run equilibrium will be adjusted each year. Based on these findings, the study concludes that capital expenditure plays a pivotal role in income inequality in the Nigerian economy. Thus, it is recommended that the government prioritize investments in sectors that directly reduce inequality, such as education, healthcare, and rural infrastructure