Historical Perspectives On Nigeria'S Party Politics: A Journey Through Democratic Governance
Olabisi Adewale Ogunleye
Department of Political Science Ekiti State University Nigeria
Ibrahim Adekunle Bello
Department of General Studies Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti Nigeria
Abstract
Nigeria, since its independence in 1960, has witnessed a complex interplay of electoral democracy and political instability. While electoral democracy has been the bedrock of political power legitimacy, the nation has grappled with challenges stemming from regional and ethnic tensions, the Biafra war, a troubled political settlement, and a centralized oil-dependent economy. These factors have triggered regime crises and military interventions, with military rule prevailing for 32 of the 55 years post-independence. Despite the enduring challenges, the discourse of democratic legitimacy remains an integral part of Nigeria's political landscape. Since 1999, Nigeria has embarked on a path of electoral politics. However, democratic institutions remain underdeveloped, fragile, and, in some instances, deteriorated, evident in the prevalence of fraud and violence during the five general elections held since 1999. In this context, political parties emerge as a crucial yet fragile link between the state and society. The role of political parties in nurturing and consolidating a vibrant democracy cannot be overstated. Long-lasting democracies owe their existence, in part, to well-established political parties that function effectively and transparently, emphasizing internal democracy, openness, transparency, accountability, and sound ideology. The institutionalization of political parties and their deep integration into the political system signify a beacon of hope for democracy's consolidation. Scholars, such as Randall and Svasand, have emphasized that the relationship between political parties and democratic governance fundamentally determines the viability of representative democracy. In Nigeria, the return to democracy in 1999 marked a significant turning point, offering a fresh opportunity to chart a democratic course after enduring an extended period of military authoritarian rule. This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of Nigeria's political journey, analyzing the coexistence of electoral democracy and political instability. It highlights the importance of political parties in democratic consolidation and examines the challenges and prospects for their development within the Nigerian context.